Muhammad Ali Becomes World Heavyweight Champion

On February 25, 1964, underdog Cassius Clay, better known as  Muhammad Ali, fought defending champion Charles Sonny Liston for the world heavyweight title in Miami Beach, Florida. Although it was nearly unanimously believed that Clay would be knocked out by round two if not earlier, it was Liston who lost the fight after refusing at the beginning of round seven to continue fighting.  This fight was one of the largest upsets in sports history, setting Cassius Clay on a long path of fame and controversy. Who Was Muhammad Ali? Cassius Clay, renamed Muhammad Ali right after this historic fight, had started boxing at the age of 12 and by 18 had won the light-heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Olympic Games.   Clay trained long and hard to be the best at boxing, but many at the time thought his fast feet and hands didnt have enough power in them to beat a true heavyweight champion like Liston.   Plus, the 22-year-old Clay, a decade younger than Liston, seemed a bit crazy. Clay, known as the Louisville Lip, was constantly boasting that he would knock out Liston and calling him the big, ugly bear, riling up both Liston and the press into a frenzy over his wild taunts. While Clay used these tactics to unsteady his opponents and to garner publicity for himself, others thought it was a sign that he was afraid or just plain crazy. Who Was Sonny Liston? Sonny Liston, known as the Bear for his giant size, had been the world heavyweight champion since 1962. He was rough, tough, and hit really, really hard. Having been arrested more than 20 times, Liston learned to box while in prison, becoming a professional boxer in 1953. Listons criminal background played a big role in his unlikable public personae, but his hard-hitting style earned him enough wins via knockout that he was not to be ignored.   For most folks in 1964, it seemed a no brainer that Liston, who had just knocked out the last serious contender for the title in the first round, would pummel this young, loud-mouthed challenger. People were betting 1 to 8 on the match, favoring Liston. The World Heavyweight Fight At the start of the fight on February 25, 1964, at the Miami Beach Convention Center, Liston was overconfident. Although nursing an injured shoulder, he expected an early knockout like his last three big fights and so had not spent much time training. Cassius Clay, on the other hand, had trained hard and was thoroughly ready. Clay was faster than most other boxers and his plan was to dance around the powerful Liston until Liston tired out. Alis plan worked. Liston, weighing in at the slightly heavy 218 pounds, was surprisingly dwarfed by the 210 1/2-pound Clay. When the bout began, Clay bounced, danced, and bobbed frequently, confusing Liston and making a very difficult target. Liston tried to get a solid punch in, but round one ended without much actual hitting. Round two ended with a cut under Listons eye and Clay not only still standing, but holding his own.  Round three and four saw both men looking tired but determined. At the end of the fourth round, Clay complained that his eyes were hurting. Wiping them with a wet rag helped a little, but Clay basically spent the entire fifth round trying to evade the blurry Liston. Liston tried to use this to his advantage and went on the attack, but the lithe Clay surprisingly managed to stay up the whole round. By the sixth round, Liston was exhausted and Clays eyesight was returning. Clay was a dominant force in the sixth round, getting in several good combinations. When the bell rang for the start of the seventh round, Liston stayed seated. He had hurt his shoulder and was worried about the cut under his eye. He just didnt want to continue the fight. It was a real shock that Liston ended the fight while still seated in the corner. Excited, Clay did a little dance, now called the Ali shuffle, in the middle of the ring. Cassius Clay was declared the winner and became the heavyweight boxing champion of the world.

Definition and Examples of Headwords in English

In English  grammar, a head is the key word that determines the nature of a phrase (in contrast to any modifiers or determiners). For example, in a noun phrase, the head is a noun or pronoun (a tiny sandwich). In an adjective phrase, the head is an adjective (completely inadequate). In an adverb phrase, the head is an adverb (quite clearly). A head is sometimes called a  headword, though this term shouldnt be confused with the more common use of headword to mean  a word placed at the beginning of an entry in a glossary, dictionary, or other reference work. Also Known As head word (HW), governor Examples and Observations Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship.(Humphrey Bogart as Rick in Casablanca, 1942)As the leader of all illegal activities in Casablanca, I am an influential and respected man.(Sydney Greenstreet as Senor Ferrari in Casablanca, 1942)The head of the noun phrase a big man is man, and it is the singular form of this item which relates to the co-occurrence of singular verb forms, such as is, walks, etc.; the head of the verb phrase has put is put, and it is this verb which accounts for the use of object and adverbial later in the sentence (e.g. put it there). In phrases such as men and women, either item could be the head.(David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) Testing for Heads Noun phrases must contain a head. Most frequently this will be a noun or pronoun, but occasionally it can be an adjective or determiner. The heads of noun phrases can be identified by three tests: 1. They cannot be deleted. 2. They can usually be replaced by a pronoun. 3. They can usually be made plural or singular (this may not be possible with proper names). Only test 1 holds good for all heads: the results for 2 and 3 depend on the type of head. (Jonathan Hope, Shakespeares Grammar. Bloomsbury, 2003) Determiners as Heads Determiners may be used as heads, as in the following examples: Some arrived this morning. I have never seen many. He gave us two Like third person pronouns these force us to refer back in the context to see what is being referred to. Some arrived this morning makes us ask Some what?, just as He arrived this morning makes us ask Who did? But there is a difference. He stands in place of a whole noun phrase (e.g. the minister) while some is part of a noun phrase doing duty for the whole (e.g. some applications). . . . Most determiners occurring as heads are back-referring [that is, anaphoric]. The examples given above amply illustrate this point. However, they are not all so. This is especially the case with this, that, these, and those. For instance, the sentence Have you seen these before? could be spoken while the speaker is pointing to some newly built houses. He is then not referring back to something mentioned, but referring out to something outside the text [that is, exophora]. (David J. Young, Introducing English Grammar. Taylor Francis, 2003)   Narrower and Wider Definitions There are two main definitions [of head], one narrower and due largely to Bloomfield, the other wider and now more usual, following work by R.S. Jackendoff in the 1970s. 1. In the narrower definition, a phrase p has a head h if h alone can bear any syntactic function that p can bear. E.g. very cold can be replaced by cold in any construction: very cold water or cold water, I feel very cold or I feel cold. Therefore the adjective is its head and, by that token, the whole is an adjective phrase. 2. In the wider definition, a phrase p has a head h if the presence of h determines the range of syntactic functions that p can bear. E.g. the constructions into which on the table can enter are determined by the presence of a preposition, on. Therefore the preposition is its head and, by that token, it is a prepositional phrase.

Women in Nazi Germany - 1548 Words

The women in Nazi Germany had a very specific role set up for them. The specifications of their job consisted of revolving around their house duties, their husbands and their children. Most of the income in the family would come from the husband, while back at home, the women would tidy up and keep everything in place. The encouragement of marrying at a young age, and getting a proper family dates back to 1933, from when Hitler first rose to power, and the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage was introduced. This law specified that all newly married couples would get a government loan of 1000 marks which was about 9 months average income. This loan was not to be simply paid back. The birth of one child meant that 25% of the loan did not†¦show more content†¦The medals varied from bronze to gold, eligible mothers who have raised eight or more children have been awarded with gold. This sort of recognition would praise the women of Germany and would celebrate all of their acc omplishments which they were destined to do. In 1933, Magda Gobbles declared: German women were excluded from three professions: the army, as elsewhere in the world; the government; and the judiciary. If a German girl must choose between marriage or a career, she will always be encouraged to marry, because that is what is best for a woman†. Even if nazi ideology has worked smoothly in Germany, this would restrict the women in various ways, preventing them from becoming who they desire to be. As to many restrictions profession wise, the women in Germany were also prohibited of many other items, such as the use of make up. In 1933, meetings of NSBO (National Sozialistischer Betriebs Obman, the womens section of the German Workers Front) proclaimed that women who were â€Å"painted and powdered were forbidden at all meetings of the NSBO. Women who smoked in public – in hotels, cafà ©s, in the street and so on – will be excluded from NSBO†. Sexuality was banned unless it was for reproductiveShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Women and Children in Nazi Germany 1498 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler In 1933, Germany became the living hell for a lot people in Germany. They were persecuted for their color and religion by a well known man named Adolf Hitler and his devoted followers. Hitler changed the way people saw life and felt about it because of the hate he got after his horrible experience in World War I. He believed that they lost because German people had become weak and pathetic, He basically thought and said that they lost because of the Jewishs or any other race that wasRead MoreThe Role of Women in Nazi Germany Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Women in Nazi Germany ‘The role of women in Nazi Germany?’ what is it? 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However, Hitler’s approach how to deal with women is contrary and destructiveRead More The Impact of Nazi Policies on the Position and Role of Women in Germany, 1933-391014 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Nazi Policies on the Position and Role of Women in Germany, 1933-39 The Nazi regime aimed to utilize the family for its own needs. Women were obligated to marry and have children, instead of having their own personal decisions. The functions of the family were reduced to the single task of reproduction. They aimed to break the family, and to place it as a breeding and rearing institution completely in the service of the totalitarian state. The main objectiveRead MoreThe Nazi Party And The Nazis1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nazi’s quest to unite Germany under the notion of ‘One People, One Empire’ affected and impacted many social groups in Germany. 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Australia In The Global Environment Pearson â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australia In The Global Environment Pearson? Answer Introducation In perfectly competitive market, market forces usually determines price of product and services. In this market structure, the firms face huge competition from other competitors in terms of pricing strategy. The major factors that contributes to rise in tomato price in Australia are climatic conditions, laws and regulations adopted by the Australian government, consumers and the competitors existing in the market (Bade and Parkin 2016). This is illustrated with the help of diagrams given below: Figure 1: Price changes Source: (As created by author) The above figure reflects that equilibrium occurs at the point E where the demand for and supply of tomatoes becomes equivalent. Corresponding to this equilibrium point E, the equilibrium price and quantity of tomatoes is determined at P and Q respectively (Bade and Parkin 2016). Debbie storm hugely affected the total production of tomatoes in this nation. As a result, the supply of tomatoes became less in the Australian market owing to this devastating cyclone. This shifts the supply curve to the left that is denoted by S1. This creates shortage of tomato in the market as the demand for it remains constant which reflects ceteris paribus. However, excess demand arises in the market. For controlling this condition, the sellers increase the price for attaining higher profitability (Bade and Parkin 2016). This leads to decline in quantity demanded for tomatoes due to increase in price. Thus, increase in price shifts the equilibrium point to E1 where the new supply curve and demand curve intersects each other. At this price P1, the quantity supplied declines to Q1 from the original equilibrium quantity (Q). Hence, this reflects that Debbie storm adversely affected the purely competitive market of tomatoes in Australia. b) As the suppliers reduce the production of tomatoes, it leads to shortage in supply of tomatoes in the agricultural market of Australia. This is in turn affects the food industry in this nation. In addition, the canned food products made from tomatoes that include tomato ketchup, canned tomatoes etc are adversely affected from this rise in price of tomatoes (Bade and Parkin 2016). As the processed products of tomatoes are considered as complementary goods, supply of these products declines owing to decrease in production of tomatoes in this competitive market. This is illustrated in the diagram given below: Figure 2: Impact of rise in price of tomatoes in other markets Source: (As created by author) It has been noted that, in case of complementary goods, if the demand for a particular product decreases due to macro environmental factors , the price of another product increases. It has been stated by Bade and Parkin (2016), demand for one good inversely affects the price of another good in case of complementary goods. Some of the key factors that helps in determining the price elasticity of demand for a particular commodity are : Availability of substitute commodity- The demand for the product apt to be elastic if close substitute for the product is available in the market. If the product is not available, then the people intend to purchase that commodity even if price rises. Thus, the demand is considered as elastic. As tomatoes have close substitute of vegetables, its demand tends to become elastic. Total money spent by the consumers on that particular commodity- The higher the amount of consumers income spent on that particular commodity, higher will be price elasticity of demand. As Australian households spent huge proportion of income in purchasing tomatoes, the commodity tends to become elastic. Complementarities between the commodities- complementary goods also influence price elasticity of demand. In this case, the demand becomes inelastic, as households are less sensitive to the variation in commodity prices. However, as the processed products of tomatoes are complementary, the demand is said to be inelastic. Time horizon- The price elasticity of demand tends to become elastic if the total time involved in producing the commodity is long. Preferences of consumers- The price elasticity of demand also depends on the preferences and wants of consumers. As tomatoes are highly preferred by the Australians, the demand for this product becomes highly elastic. Price elasticity of demand refers to the variation in quantity demanded with respect to fluctuation in commodity price. It has been opined by Bade and Parkin (2016), a commodity is termed as price elastic, if the variation in quantity demanded becomes higher than its price. On the contrary, in case of inelastic demand, change in demand for quantity is low in comparison with the price adjustment. The demand elasticity of tomato apt to be elastic as it has close substitute in the market. Tomato is not considered as necessity vegetable and thus response in demand for total quantities of tomato tends to be higher with respect to smaller proportion in its price. This means that if the change in price of tomato is by 1% in this market, then the impact on quantity demanded for this product apt to be higher (Bade and Parkin 2016). The Australians who have lower per income or preference for tomatoes, it might lead to decrease in quantity demanded owing to rise in price for this commodity in purely commodity market of Australians. However, the producers or the farmers are adversely influenced by cyclone. In other words, elastic demand curve of tomato is flatter than the original demand curve. Figure 3: change in total revenue Source: (As created by author) b) The main aim of the sellers is to attain higher revenue than total production cost for gaining higher profitability. The total revenue of the firm is estimated by multiplying product with its total quantity supplied (Bade and Parkin 2016). The total revenue of the firm selling tomatoes in Australian market is shown by the area P0E0Q0O. As the price elasticity of demand for tomato is elastic, total revenue in the market declines , which is highlighted in the above figure. At market equilibrium, the revenue obtained is PEQO. As the total production of tomatoes reduces, the sellers tries to increase the price of the commodity as no change in demand for its quantity has been observed. Therefore, it has been noted that, hike in price of tomato is greater than reduction in sales volume of tomatoes, the total revenue decreases in wholesale market of Australia. This in turn discourages the sellers in further selling tomatoes in the Australian market (Bade and Parkin 2016). If huge number of farmers stops producing tomatoes and leave the market, it adversely affects the wholesale market of Australia. This leads to drastic fall in supply of tomato and hence this causes immediate increases in product price. Increase in price of tomato and this causes decrease in total revenue obtained by the farmers (Bade and Parkin 2016). The farmers manufactures large amount of tomato in order to keep huge sale in winter season and invest huge amount in harvesting it. In essence, farmers incur huge loss as the cost of investment by the farmers is high and revenue obtained is lower than this cost (Bade and Parkin 2016). The main motive of the farmers is to invest a portion of obtained profit in the production of tomatoes for the upcoming year. However, if the farmers incur loss from the sale of tomatoes, then they face huge difficulty in producing it in the next period owing to absence of proper fund. As a result, the famers leave the market as the operations of the prod uction of tomatoes in Australia in long term becomes no more profitable to them. In addition, the government of Australia plays a huge role for bringing long term sustainability in Australian market and hence subsidy is provided to the farmers for covering the production cost. It helps the farmers in covering huge loss that is incurred to them and supports them financially in manufacturing tomatoes for the next year. The diagram below signifies the positive impact of subsidy to the farmers in the Australian market. Figure 4: Impact of subsidy on the farmers Source: (As created by author) Provision of subsidy provided to the farmers for each unit of production declines burden on farmers and this increases supply of tomatoes. This shifts the supply curve to the right from S to S1 and this leads to fall in price of tomatoes. The Australian government bears the production cost partially by imposing subsidy to the farmers. Hence, the supply curve shifts with respect to each unit of subsidy. Furthermore, imposition of subsidy facilitates the farmers in gaining profits in much easier way, which they uses in manufacturing tomatoes by implementing new technology. As stated by Bade and Parkin (2016), the government adopts another strategy in undertaking warehousing investment. Therefore, proper warehousing helps in improving storing process of tomatoes for increasing inventory, which in turn raises inventory for smoothening supply of tomatoes in the Australian market when cyclone hits the nation. Advantages of subsidy Subsidy provides benefit to the farmers and the advantages relating to this subsidy are: Stabilizing infrastructure of agriculture- As subsidy provides financial support to the farmers that in turn aids in purchasing equipment of farming and implementing new technology in manufacturing more tomatoes (Bade and Parkin 2016). Managing supply of tomatoes- subsidy enhances harvest of tomatoes and this increases food supply. Thus, the exports of tomatoes improve and this enhances national income of the country. Stability in income of the farmers- Implementation of subsidies assures steady income and helps in recovering losses incurred from sale of tomatoes. Compensating farmers- the subsidies provided by the government helps in compensating the farmers if they suffer from huge loss on particular commodity than expected. In addition, this encourages the framers in expanding their business and also aids in improving efficiency as well as competiveness in the agricultural market. Disadvantages of subsidy Some of the disadvantages of agricultural subsidy provided by the government include: Necessity of government intervention- Subsidy directly influences price as well as supplies of tomatoes that help the farmers in attaining higher profitability in the purely competitive market. Moreover, it raises burden on spending of government that causes budget deficit that in turn occurs future tax burden on customers. Lack of diversity of tomatoes- Subsidies creates diversity in the production of tomatoes and this benefits both the consumers and producers. Discriminating between the farmers- this subsidies discriminate among the farmers that specialize on tomatoes that does not require subsidy. Therefore, this helps the farmers in taking agriculture decisions regarding funding on eligible tomatoes crops for manufacturing good harvest Drives small farmers out of the business- it has been estimated by economist that the subsidies inflate the farmland value by 30% and this prevents the small farmers in farming as beginning the business becomes expensive as it includes purchasing machines in order to increase productivity (Bade and Parkin 2016). On the other hand, large farms uses these subsidies in implementing new technologies and hence producers huge quantities of commodities at low price. Barriers in import and damaging environment- The farmers those who are manufacturing in better soil region and in good climate uses less fertilizers as well as pesticides. On the other hand, the farmers who are producing commodities in poor locations choose to use more fertilizers on their crops. This excessive usage of chemicals causes environmental pollution and damage. In addition, vast water that the government runs begins to sell it to the farmers at low price. Advantages and disadvantages of agricultural warehousing Warehousing includes advantages as well as disadvantages to the agricultural market in Australia. The benefits of warehousing include Preservation of tomatoes- it aids the producers for storing tomatoes during offseason when the requirement of sale becomes less (Bade and Parkin 2016). Thus it provides stocks protection and prevents it from the wastage. Smooth flow of tomatoes- as tomatoes are consumed in every season, proper warehousing ensures the farmers in regular supply of seasonal products during the year. Convenient location- convenient location of warehousing decreases the transportation cost of tomatoes in the market. Creating job opportunities for the farmers- warehousing provides job opportunities for skilled as well as unskilled farmers in this nation. However, it acts a vital source of income for the people for improving their standard of living (Bade and Parkin 2016). Aids in sale of tomatoes- warehousing improves the procedure of selling tomatoes in the market. The steps for distribution of tomatoes include, inspection, branding and packaging that warehouses carries on during the process. Increases availability in finance- Warehousing increases the availability of finance by raising loans from banks and financial institution for maintaining security of the warehouse (Bade and Parkin 2016). Decreases risk of acquiring huge loss- warehousing benefits the farmers in reducing their risk of incurring huge loss from the sale of tomatoes. In this situation, as cyclone affects Australian agricultural market, improvement in warehousing protects the product quality for long period , which in turn increases the period of consumption. Therefore, smooth flow in tomatoes production reduces the risk of facing loss as it stabilizes both the price level and its quality for long period of time. The disadvantages that warehousing involves include- Less flexibility in investment Requirement of capital for producing tomatoes Rise in initial cost of tomatoes Availability of space as well as services. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that the producers mainly focuses on elasticity of demand before setting price of tomatoes. In case of elastic demand, the effect of quantity dominates the effect of price and thus decline in price rises total revenue. Moreover, the prices of goods are also set by them depending on customers, rivalries and market structure. These helps the producers in attaining higher profit that is applied in this case of tomatoes production. Imposition of government subsidy also plays a vital role in improving the farmers standard of living by supporting them financially. Additionally, the warehouse operations also adds up in integrated operations of supply chain and hence positively contributes in development of the economy. However, appropriate warehousing operations enhance customers satisfaction and add the value of profit to the farmers. Moreover, inappropriate agricultural warehousing creates difficulties for the farmers in selling the commodity whi ch in turn affects their profitability level. References Robyn, Bade and Michael, Parkin., 2016. Microeconomics: Australia in the global environment. Pearson